Everything you need to know about transitioning your baby to cow’s milk. And do they really need it anyways?!
Oh milk…
If there was ever a food that caused so much confusion, raised so many questions and was such a source of disagreement, milk would be it! As if feeding toddlers wasn’t confusing enough! All three of my kids drink milk. Not much–around one cup a day (plus some yogurt and cheese). They probably get around two servings of milk or dairy foods per day on average–sometimes less, sometimes more–which helps them meet some of their daily nutrient requirements. Is cow’s milk essential? No. But some of the nutrients in cow’s milk— calcium, vitamin D and protein—ARE essential.
Now, cow’s milk is certainly an easy way for your toddler or child to get all of those nutrients in one drink (that most kids enjoy!), but it’s not the only way to get those nutrients. So, if cow’s milk is not your thing, or if you choose not to serve it for whatever reason (maybe your family follows a vegan diet or your child has a milk allergy), that’s A-Okay.
If this is the case however, it’s important to pick complementary foods to replace milk, so that your toddler still gets enough protein, fat, calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients that they need. Although dairy can be an excellent source of both protein and fat, there are many other non-dairy sources (think meat, fish, eggs, avocado, nuts, seeds, etc.). When it comes to calcium, dairy foods like milk, yogurt and cheese are likely the easiest way to ensure your child (and you) meet your needs. If dairy isn’t part of your toddler’s diet, it can be a bit trickier to ensure they meet their daily requirements. If you’re concerned or feel that you’re unsure, you likely need individual one-on-one dietitian support to ensure you get it right.
To give you some context into your child’s calcium requirements:
| Age | Calcium Requirements (Dietary Reference Intakes) |
| 0-6 mo | 200 mg ( met through breastmilk and/or formula) |
| 6-12 mo | 260 mg (met through breastmilk and/or formula) |
| 1-3 yrs | 700 mg (met through food/beverages) |
| 4-8 yrs | 1000 mg (met through food/beverages) |
And to give you an idea of calcium-rich food sources:
| Food Source | serving amount | mg of calcium per serving |
| milk | 250 mL (1 cup) | 291-322 mg |
| yogurt (plain) | 175 mL (3/4 cup) | 263-275 mg |
| cheese (hard–like cheddar) | 50 mg (1 1/2oz) | 252-366 mg |
| canned salmon | 75 g (2 1/2 oz) | 179-212 mg |
| tofu (prepared with calcium sulfate) | 150 g (3/4 cup) | 302-525 mg |
| soy beverage | 250 mL (1 cup) | 321-324 mg |
| almonds | 60 mL (1/4 cup) | 93 mg |
| beans | 175 mL (3/4 cup) | 93-141 mg |
| spinach, cooked | 125 mL (1/2 cup) | 129 mg |
For example, a 1-3 year-old who consumes dairy could meet their daily requirements with 1 cup of whole milk + 1 1/2 oz cheese and a small amount of canned salmon throughout the day. It might take a little more creativity for a child who does not consume dairy — let’s say 1/4 cup almond butter, 1/2 cup tofu, some canned salmon and cooked spinach. And being that ages one-three tend to be “pickier years”, this can be a bit challenging (although, not impossible). If a child continues to be breastfed, they will receive some extra calcium this way. Sometimes health care providers suggest that a formula-fed child continue to consume formula into their second year if their are growth and development concerns (in which case this would top up their calcium too).
What about plant-based milk alternatives (like almond milk)?
This is important: No plant-based (almond, soy, coconut, oat, rice, hemp etc.) milk is 100 percent nutritionally equivalent to cow’s milk. Your child will not get enough of the nutrients they need if you simply swap any of these plant-based milks 1:1 with cow’s milk and make no additional changes to their diet. These plant-based milks are NOT the same as cow’s milk, as you can see in the chart below.
Ok. So, how do I introduce cow’s milk to my toddler?
If you choose to feed your toddler whole cow’s milk, it can be safely introduced to replace breastmilk or formula at around 12 months of age (and no sooner than nine months). Before this age, your baby’s digestive tract isn’t quite mature enough to handle large quantities of the nutrients in cow’s milk. A bit of milk in a recipe is fine, but you do not want to offer a cup of milk until about 12 months of age. I recommend serving milk in open cups (not sippies or bottles).
Be sure to stick with whole milk to start; you don’t want to feed your baby reduced-fat or fat-free milk until after the age of two because they need dietary fat found in milk for proper growth and development. Depending on where you live, this milk may be called whole, homo, homogenized, full-fat, or 3.25% milk fat.
Give your little one time
Take your time–don’t rush it! You want to give your little one time to adjust to the new proteins and other nutrients in cow’s milk. Some moms like to start with one or two tablespoons a day, served along with formula or expressed breastmilk, then slowly increase the amount of milk over a few weeks until you are serving pure milk. Some moms like to breastfeed morning and night and serve cow’s milk after lunch. Then eventually they replace the morning feed with cow’s milk too. As mentioned above, I recommend only serving cow’s milk via open cup (not bottle), so if your baby is bottle-fed, this might be the perfect opportunity to wean off of the bottle.
There’s no exact pattern you need to follow. Just take it slow to give baby a chance to adjust. It might take them some time to adjust to the new flavour too, especially if your baby is breastfed. Milk isn’t as sweet as breastmilk, so this may throw them off at first. Give them time to adjust.
You can transitioning to cows milk around 11 or 12 months (or a little bit earlier depending on your baby and schedule) and slowly increase this amount until fully transitioned, which typically takes time—anywhere from 2 to 6 weeks.
How much milk should my child be consuming?
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and Health Canada, your one-year-old should be getting about 16 oz (2 cups) of whole cow’s milk per day (or equivalent to this). If they also eat cheese and yogurt, you can reduce the amount of milk they drink if you’d like (but it’s not necessary). Refer back to the tables above for daily requirements of calcium and some dairy and non-dairy sources (and amounts). Because milk is so nutritious and is an easy way to keep little one’s full and satisfied, sometimes it can be relied on too much. This can easily create or perpetuate picky eating issues and displace other important nutrients (like iron), so I suggest to stick to a maximum of two cups of milk per day and serve alongside meals (rather than in between).
And hey, if you don’t want to feed your child any dairy foods, again, that’s ok! Dairy foods are not “must-haves,” (as you can see in the chart, there are many calcium-rich choices) but the nutrients in dairy foods—like calcium and vitamin D—are vital. Regardless of whether your child drinks milk or not, they should still be given a Vitamin D supplement of 400 IU’s per day (you can continue giving Vitamin D drops). It’s too challenging to ensure that your toddler meet their requirements through food alone.
What about soy milk?
Surprise, surprise—there is some controversy in the nutrition world about certain milk alternatives for toddlers, and soy milk is at the top of the list. Some nutrition experts believe that since it’s lower in calories, fat, and protein when compared to cow’s milk, it’s not a suitable alternative. Others believe it’s okay because it’s the closest plant-based option (nutritionally speaking) to cow’s milk.
In cases where cow’s milk is not an option (maybe your child has a milk allergy or is vegan), you can offer full-fat, fortified, “original” (not unsweetened) soy beverage instead of milk as long as there are no growth or development concerns. If there are concerns, your child will need to consume a high-fat/high-calorie diet, and soy milk will not suffice.
Some conventional soy products come from genetically modified soybeans and may contain traces of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. If this is a concern to you, choose an organic soy beverage. Check your package carefully to ensure that the soy beverage is fortified with vitamins and minerals (such as calcium and vitamin D), which are added to mimic the nutrients found in cow’s milk.
Beyond the nutrient content, there’s another soy controversy you should know about. Soy contains antioxidants known as isoflavones, which may protect against certain diseases. That’s good news. Isoflavones have a mild estrogen-like effect, and that’s where some people kinda freak out a little. Estrogen is a sex hormone that plays an important role in reproduction, so some people wonder if soy will make their daughter go through puberty too early or make their son grow man-boobs. These are legitimate questions!
The answer is mostly that we don’t know. Very few studies have been conducted that involve children and soy intake, and the few that do exist are very small or are funded by the soy industry (so you can guess the findings might be swayed). At the end of the day, it’s your choice as a parent whether you want to offer soy milk as an alternative to cow’s milk, because there isn’t enough science to make a truly non-biased, evidence-based decision.
Bottom line
That’s a lot of information, but I hope that it helped to answer some of your questions about milk and dairy for your toddler. If you’re concerned or overwhelmed, my team and I are here to help!
You might also be interested in reading about what and how much your toddler should be eating, and how to deal with common toddler picky eating issues!
The Transition to Childcare: How to Ensure That Your Child Continues to Eat Well
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This is great information, Sarah, and so needed right now. I know a lot of people that illiminate milk or dairy entirely without thinking about how to replace those vital nutrients. Thanks for sharing!
Such a confusing topic and this article makes it so simple! Thank you!
What a great topic to go over. I wish I had this when I was an intern at WIC. Sooo useful!
What a great and informative post, Sarah, so many people mindlessly make diet changes without thinking about the big picture.
I’m all about including dairy as a simple and convenient way to boost your diet with protein and calcium!
This is a fantastic post! Great suggestions to consider for moms.
Thanks for breaking this down for all of the confused mommas out there.
Hi there! Great article. What’s the difference between unsweetened and original soy milk? Thanks 🙂
Unsweetened will be lower in sugar and therefore calories. I recommend original soy as it will have comparable sugar (and calories) to homogenized cows milk. Little kids need extra calories wherever they can get them.